HAP and VAP: Looking for most recent evidence-based answers for questions such as?

In intubated patients suspected of having VAP, should distal quantitative samples be obtained instead of proximal quantitative samples?

Can patients suspected of having nosocomial pneumonia (HAP and VAP), who have early-onset infection and none of the classic risk factors for MDR pathogens, be treated appropriately if they receive a different and narrower spectrum empiric therapy than patients with late-onset infection and/or the presence of MDR risk factors?

When using initial broad-spectrum empiric therapy for HAP/VAP, should it always be with two drugs or can it be with one drug and, if starting with two drugs, do both need to be continued after cultures are available?

Drugs with collateral damage.

Remember, using antibiotics always causes collateral damage. They are not kind to humans’ microbiome and the ecosystem of their gut. However, the “saviors” are here.

Our job now is to study the required doses, the species, and their formulation.

Yes, we are talking Probiotics.

Note: this doesnt obviate the need for appropriate use of antibiotics.